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  • Haldane, John Wilton Cuninghame - Civil and mechanical engineering. Popularly and socially...
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  • TABLE DES MATIÈRES
  • TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS
  • RECHERCHE DANS LE DOCUMENT
  • TEXTE OCÉRISÉ
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  • PAGE DE TITRE
    • Preface to the first edition (p.r5)
    • Preface to the second edition (p.r6)
    • Table of contents (p.r7)
    • List of Plates (n.n.)
    • Chapter I. Steam Navigation. Canals and Railways (p.1)
      • First steamer to India. Defects in Machinery. Junius Smith and "British Queen". First voyage of "Sirius" and Great Western". The Pioneer Cunarder "Britannia". Bridgewater Canal. Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Railway Mania. Difficulties of Railway Engineers. Q.C. of the period. Woosung Railway. Japanese Students in England (p.1)
    • Chapter II. General Engineering (p.12)
      • Fairbairn and Hodgkinson's experiments. Brittania Bridge. Fairbairn's Canal Street Works. Begins Shipbuilding at Millwall. Heavy Losses. Character of Sir William Fairbairn. Whit-worth's machinery. Different kinds of Marine Engines. P.S.N. Company and the Compound Engine. History of a "New and Improved" Design. Lucrative Inventions. Value of good Machinery. What it did at the North London Railway Works. Richard Roberts (p.12)
    • Chapter III. Dumbarton and the Clyde (p.28)
      • My apprenticeship in Denny's 1852. Great prosperity in the various Works. Engineer Workmen . Strikes in the Shipyards . William Denny hands over a large contract to Caird & Co. Later Strikes among Coal and Iron people . Belgian Iron Trade. How Strikes begin. Generalship of the Masters. The "Delegate". Unhappy Workmen. Dumbarton at this period. Disastrous Storm. Death of William Denny. Engineer Foremen. S.S. "Yorkshireman". The Penalty. The Wreck. A good Speculation (p.28)
    • Chapter IV. Glasgow and Ocean Steam Ships (p.41)
      • Dumbarton as it is now. Neilson & Co., Glasgow. Tod & McGregor. S.S. "Bengal" for P. and O. Company. First Sunday Steamer on the Clyde. River Steamers "Columba" and "Lord of the Isles". Great Works on the Clyde. Cunard Atlantic Ships in 1850. Mediterranean Liners, 1852. P.S. "Persia". Robert Napier & Sons. Compact between Cunard, Burns and McIver (p.41)
    • Chapter V. The Birkenhead Ironworks (p.55)
      • Difference between Marine and Locomotive establishments. Description of the Birkenhead Iron Works. The Firm. The Staff. Pupils in Drawing Office. Billy Taylor's "Unlucky" Dinner. Fatal Tea Party in Chester. Troublesome French Pupil. Chief Engineer of H.M.S. "Captain". Foremen and Workmen in the Birkenhead Iron Works. Value of " old hands". Foremen in Small Works. The "General Utility" Engineer. H.M.S. "Euphrates" (p.55)
    • Chapter VI. Apprentices (p.71)
      • Different kinds of Apprentices. How they get into Works. Premiumed Pupils in England. The Clyde System. Originof Premium System. Maudslay's objections to Pupils. James Nasmyth in early days. His troublesome Youths at Patricroft. The use of Idle Apprentices. "Marine Works". " General Works". "Special Works". Cause of false steps in entering the profession. Lives of the great Engineers. History of Harland and Wolff. Workshop Practice, past and present. Prospects of Engineers at home and abroad. "Repairing Works". Tools and Instruments for Pattern-Shop and Drawing Office. Working Dress (p.71)
    • Chapter VII. Civil Engineering (p.93)
      • Meaning of the term "Civil Engineer". The Great Pyramid. Ancient Suez Canal. Hero of Alexandria. Archimedes. Their Mechanical genius. Euclid. A Dream of Antiquity. Great Tunnels. Railway Ferry Boats. Bridge Engineering at home and abroad. Drainage and Reclamation of Land. Gigantic Pumping Operations. Origin of the Goodwin Sands. Freaks of Rivers in India and China. Gradual Elevation by Silting process. Vast Inundations and change of Bed. The Hoang Ho etc. Scouring and Deepening process in Rivers, etc. Ordnance Survey of United Kingdom (p.93)
    • Chapter VIII. Practice of Engineering (p.116)
      • Preliminaries of Contract for Merchant Ships. For Ships of War. Conference between Shipowner, Builder and Engineer. Description of proposed Ships and Engines. The Estimate. Contract settled. Drawing Office. How Working Plans are prepared. Good and Bad Engineering. Chief Draughtsman. -Results of interference by unqualified people. Style and system in modern working drawings. Also in olden times. Swell Draughtsman from Maudslay's?. Heliographic Process . "John Russell's Sailor". "Urgent" Plans of Machinery for Ironclads (p.116)
    • Chapter IX. Drawing Office Calculations (p.134)
      • Faulty Design and Construction of early Engines. Value of Hand Sketches. Accuracy in Working Drawings . Two distinct Systems of Calculation. Simple practical rules in general use. Method of recording leading dimensions of Machinery. "Allowances" made by Engineers. The graphic System of Calculation. Complicated Rules. How to construct safe Empirical Formulae. Rational Science Considerations . Drawing Office Practice. Value of Tabulated Proportions. Economy in Design and Manufacture. Office "Tables". Sudden changes in Engineering Practice. Costly results of Injudicious "Improvements" in Machinery (p.134)
    • Chapter X. Engines in Progress. The Screw Propeller (p.151)
      • Triple Expansion and other Engines in the Works. Ship Drawings. Steel Boilers. History of Steel and Iron Crank Shafts. Detection of Errors in Drawings. Arrangement of Machinery in Ship Plans. First Appearance of Mr. Macdonald, the Superintending Engineer. Peculiarities of the Screw Propeller. "Positive" and "Negative" Slip. Influence of a Ship's Lines upon the action of a Screw. Modem Propellers. Cause of Destruction by Irregular Corrosion. The Remedy. Screw of Cunard S.S. "Etruria". Mr. Macdonald's ideas of Screw Propulsion. Condemns the Manager's Calculations. Fortunate Discovery. Unnecessary alteration of Plans (p.151)
    • Chapter XI. Origin of Marine Engineering. Steam Power on Canals (p.176)
      • Duties of Superintending Engineer. Repairing damaged Engines. Marine Propulsion among the Ancients. Blasco de Garay's "Trinidad," 1543. Miller's First Experiment on Dalswinton Loch, 1788 . Canal Steamer "Charlotte Dundas," 1801. Scheme abandoned . Houston's Experiments on Canal Boat, 1830. Expected Railway Opposition. Fairbairn's Iron Steamboat "Lord Dundas". Trial on the Irwell . Strange Discoveries. Perilous Voyage to the Clyde. Compass Deviation and Correction. Success at low speed on Canals. Stearn on Ship Canals. Belgian Cable System (p.176)
    • Chapter XII. Bad Workmanship (p.193)
      • Troubles of the Engineer-in-Chief. Ambiguous Specifications . Contrary readings of the documents. Responsibilities of "The Engineer ". Reckless Competition. "Lowest Tender". Cause of variation in Estimates. "Cheap" Machinery unprofitable. Splendid Wearing qualities of high-class Machinery. The "Rosalind's" Engines. Office work far advanced. Mr. Macdonald's Improvements (p.193)
    • Chapter XIII. System of Design and Construction in Marine Engines (p.204)
      • Method of proportioning Engine Power to required Speed of Ships. Experiments with Steamers at various speeds to ascertain the actual Powers. Leading Dimensions and Calculations of the "Rosalind's" Engines and Boilers. Rules for determining size of Triple Crank Shafts, etc. Arrangement of Drawings and Tracings in Office. Mr. Macdonald's Sea-going experiences. Board of Trade Examinations. Great activity in Erecting Shop. Description of "Rosalind's" Engines as they now appear. Leading principles in Machinery Construction. Lifting Gear and Tackle. Engine Foundations. Shrinking on the "Connaught's" Cranks. Modem System of finishing Crank Shafts. Serious Galvanic action in a Propeller Shaft (p.204)
    • Chapter XIV. Boiler Yard, and Boilers in Construction (p.226)
      • Difficulties in Boiler Design and Construction. Structural, Mechanical, and Chemical Difficulties. Peculiarities of Steel Boilers. Board of Trade Supervision. Increase of Steam Pressure, 1850 to 1889 . Racing with unlimited Pressure . Awful Disaster. "Rosalind's" and other boilers in progress. Hydraulic Testing. Fatal Explosion in a Locomotive Work. Boiler Coverings and economy of Heat. Fairbairn's Experiments and Improvements. Materials and mode of Manufacture (p.226)
    • Chapter XV. The Building Yard. Ships Ancient and Modern (p.237)
      • Rosalind and other ships in progress. Precautions for giving Safety at Sea. Watertight Bulkheads. New and old style of Bow. Boats of the Phœnicians. Origin of Masts and Sails. Galleys of Greece and Rome. Modern Ships. "Lightning". "Marco Polo". "Champion of the Seas," and others. England to Australia in 1808, 1850, and 1889. Fastest long voyage Steamers afloat. New Inman Liners of 10,500 tons. Swiftest River Steamer, and Torpedo Boats. American Steamers. Changes in Naval Ships and Engines. Ironclads of 19,500 horse-power (p.237)
    • Chapter XVI. Finishing the Engines in the Works (p.251)
      • Modern Types of Engines. Cycle of operations in working Triple Expansion Machinery . Errors detected by the "Turning Gear". Finishing touches, past and present . Painting of Machinery. The Engines taken down. Boilers completed. All ready for the Launch of Ship. Distinguishing Marks of Ships. "House Flags". Funnels. Names. Preparations for Launching. The Chairman's Daughter. Visitors and Officials. Launch Failures (p.251)
    • Chapter XVII. Launching a Ship (p.267)
      • How it is done. Launches of H.M.S. "Black Prince" and S.S. "City of Rome". Method of undocking a great Ironclad. Captain Henderson. The Captain in charge of a Launch. Launch of the "Rosalind". Newspaper comments. Ship in Dock. Machinery on board ready for Trial. Starting the Engines (p.267)
    • Chapter XVIII. Ship and Engines Completed (p.278)
      • Vessel in the River. David Kirkaldy. Ferry passengers' remarks. General Survey of the Ship. Boiler Room and Appliances. Engine Room and Fittings. "Larboard" and "Port". Pumping Machinery. Watertight Compartments. S.S. "Arizona" in Collison with an Iceberg. The Tunnel and contents. Materials used in Engines. View from Starting Platform. Different kinds of Engines. How controlled from Deck. Complicated modern Machinery. Economy in Working and Maintenance. "Crisp word of Command" (p.278)
    • Chapter XIX. Ship's Appliances. Trial Trip (p.294)
      • Steering Gear in small and large ships. Control of ship from bridge. The "Quartermaster". Clyde and Thames boats. Steam winches. Steam windlass. View of ship from bow. Official Trial Trip. Duties of Staff in Engine and Boiler rooms. Scene in Grand Saloon. "Running the Mile". "Indicated Horse Power". Successful Trial. Unsatisfactory Trial Trips. Flag Signalling in the Navy and Merchant Service. Cunard and other Atlantic Captains and officers. Sea-going Engineers. Description of the "Rosalind" just before sailing. Her departure on First Voyage. Farewells (p.294)
    • Chapter XX. « Breakdowns, » and Mysterious Losses at Sea (p.316)
      • Meaning of the Term. Their Causes. Experience gained by them. Great Safety of Railway travelling. Protective System in Cunard Ships. S.S. "Atlas" on Fire. Drill in Mail Steamers. Original Advertisement of "President" and "British Queen". New Captain of "President". Departure on Last Voyage. The Storm . Arrival of "British Queen". The Missing Ship. Theories concerning the Lost Ship. Disappearances of S.S. "City of Glasgow". "Pacific". "City of Boston" (p.316)
    • Chapter XXI. Loss of West India Mail Steamer « Amazon ». Engineering Smashes on Land (p.329)
      • Farewell to Southampton. First Night at Sea. "Heated Bearings". Alarm among the Passengers. "No Danger of Fire?". Strong Gale. Neilson's vigilance. The Little World asleep. All's well. Fire ! Fire ! !. Wild excitement. Swift destruction. Awful scenes. Ungovernable Engines. A Flying Inferno. The End. Spontaneous Conflagrations. Cause of Safety in Travelling. Death of a Railway Engineer. Promotion by Influence. The New "Chief" and his "Improvement". The smash on the Line. National disaster through bad Engineering. Stage Coaches and Sailing Packets reinstated (p.329)
    • Chapter XXII. Story of a Disastrous Trial Trip (p.348)
      • Visit from a Shipowner. "Ship for Sale". Engaged for Trial Trip. Handsome fee. Off to Gravesend. Locomotives and Railway Travelling past and present. Mr. Coventry, the Agent. First view of S.S. "Orinoco". Description of an Engineer's "Report". Beauty of Ship. Disappointment. The Captain. A Coffin Ship. Mystery about the Machinery. Vile Workmanship. Chief Engineer. Preparations for Starting. Something wrong in the Tunnel (p.348)
    • Chapter XXIII. End of the Fatal Trial Trip (p.363)
      • Ship off at Last. Slow speed of Engines. Mr. Coventry's promise. Increased Velocity. Bad working Engines. Suspicions aroused. Study of Characters in the play . High speed, and effect on hull. Heated bearings in Tunnel. The Remedy. Painful discoveries in Engine room. Terror-stricken "Chief". Dreadful Smash, and Boiler Explosion . Loss of the "Orinoco". Reflections upon the event. Practical Lessons (p.363)
    • Chapter XXIV. How I commenced Private Practice (p.373)
      • Birkenhead Iron Works in 1867. Dull times. Idle Engineers in London. Crisis in 1872. Retirement from the Works. First movements in a new direction. Advice of friends. Serious obstacles. The Generous C.E. Success at Last. Cause of difficulties in Private Practice. Hints to those intending to enter upon it. Index Books and Engineering Literature (p.373)
    • Chapter XXV. How « Competitions » are conducted (p.386)
      • Architectural and Engineering Schemes. Eatanswill Bridge Competition. Town Councillors' Invitation to Engineers. The Opening Day. Arrival of Plans. Character of the Town Councillors. S. J. Drayne, the Borough Surveyor. Alfred Sketchly, the Draughtsman. How he spent his Apprenticeship. Private Note Books. Discussing the Plans. Mr. Drayne's Advice. The Draughtsman's Logic. Results. Present System of Competitions. Skill and Labour required in preparing Designs and Estimates. Improved System. "Iron Pier Competition" (p.386)
    • Chapter XXVI. Clients : an Iron Work Speculation (p.400)
      • Varieties of Clients in Private Practice. Mr. O'Brien's character. His Law Case. Wrongful Dismissal from the Works. An enthusiastic "Invintor". Duties of a Scientific Witness. Inspection of the Works. "New and Improved" Patent Machinery. Collecting information. The Bones of one of O'Brien's Pets. Three Lines of Argument in a Report. High Court of Justice, London. Opening the Case. O'Brien in the Witness-box. An Opposing Q.C. Scientific Witnesses, past and present. Professional and non-Professional Clients. Two more Designers and their Works. Hints to Inventors (p.400)
    • Chapter XXVII. Voyage from Sydney to London in 1845 (p.414)
      • Early Days in Australia. Engineering of the period. Arrival of H.M.S. "Vestal," 1844. Departure from Sydney. At Sea. Moon Poisoning Story from S.S. "Magellan". Marvellous Transmission of Sound. Ocean Depths. Soundings, past and present. Two vast Depressions. Motive Power in Volcanoes. Arrival in London. "Life" in the "Orient" and "P. and O." liners, 1889 (p.414)
    • Chapter XXVIII. Engineering of the Past and Present (p.428)
      • James Watt and his followers. What Engineering has done in the Past. Effects produced by simple Improvements. Application of different kinds of Motive Power. Hydraulic Power on a vast scale. Great Compressed Air Schemes. Hydro-Pneumatic System of Sewerage and Drainage. Atmospheric Gas Engines. Electric Motors for Launches, &c. Cunard S.S. "Umbria" and "Etruria". The "One Man" System. Charles MacIver. Engineering in the Newcastle District. Allusions to Messrs. Denny and Messrs. Laird. The "Practical Man" in fancy and in reality (p.428)
    • Chapter XXIX. Triple Expansion Machinery (p.442)
      • Shipowners' idea of Marine Engines. Results of "Tripling" two long voyage Steamers. Cause of Economy in Triple Engines. Table of mean Pressures at different rates of Expansion. Table of Powers produced by variously Expanded Steam. Ratios of Expansion in Compound and Triple Engines. Long Voyage Experiments. Space required for Engines. Reduction of Weight. Newest style of Triple Engines. Wear and Tear. Management at Sea. Steamship performances. Trial of S.S. "Meteor". Indicator Cards and Coal Consumption. Liquid Fuel in Steamers. Yarrow's Vaporised Spirit Engines (p.442)
    • Chapter XXX. Quadruple and New Compound Engines (p.462)
      • Important Improvements. Chemistry the Destroyer. Boiler Room Difficulties. Tubular and Tubulous Boilers. Strange disaster to a new Boiler. Simple Apparatus for purifying Water. Water Tube Boilers and their failures. The latest type of Tubulous Boiler. Opinions of Experts. Table of Horse Powers per ton of weight. Peculiarities of the Forced Draught System. Latest types of Quadruple Engines. Turner's new two cylinder Compound Engines. Their performances compared with Triples. Loss of a Ship through broken Shaft. Extended use of Manganese bronze Propellers. Willis' protected Propellers. Steamships of the future. Conclusion (p.462)
    • Index (p.481)
    • Abstracts of Reviews of First Edition (p.491)
    • [Books relating to Applied Science published by E. & F. N. SPON] (p.2x1)
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  • PAGE DE TITRE
    • Frontispiece. General View of Palmer's Iron and Steel Manufacturing, Shipbuilding, and Engineering Establishment at Jarrow, from a Photograph (n.n.)
    • P.S. «Comet» on the Clyde, in 1812 (n.n.)
    • Interior of Pattern Shop at the Neptune Works (n.n.)
    • Interior of New Erecting Shop at the Marine Works of Wigham Richardson & Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, from a Photograph (n.n.)
    • Interior of Heavy Turnery at Clark's Marine Works, Sunderland, from a Photograph (n.n.)
    • Interior of the Mersey Forge, Liverpool, from a Photograph (n.n.)
    • West India Mail P.S. «Amazon» Signalling (n.n.)
    • Interior of Forging Department at the Neptune Works (n.n.)
    • Electric Engine for Pumping, Winding, etc. (n.n.)
    • Cunard S.S. «Umbria» on the Mersey, from a Photograph by F. Frit h & Co., Reigate (p.437)
    • Triple Expansion Engines of S.S. «Missouri» from a Photograph (n.n.)
    • Electric Engine for Launches, & etc. (p.459)
    • Quadruple Engines of S.S. «Singapore» from a Photograph (n.n.)
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CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

POPULARLY AND SOCIALLY CONSIDERED

BY

J. W. C. HALDANE, C.E. and M.E.

SECOND EDITION IMPROVED AND ENLARGED.

WITH TWELVE PLATES

LONDON

E. & F. N. SPON, 125 STRAND NEW YORK: 12 CORTLANDT STREET




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